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суббота, 5 декабря 2020 г.

Пересказ Psychology as a science

 The word «psychology» is derived from the Greek word meaning «study of the soul». Psychology as a science studies mental activity and human behaviour. Psychologists study basic functions such as learning, memory, language, thinking, emotions and motives. They are involved in mental and physical health care. 

Psychology is closely connected with many sciences such as sociology and biology.  
There are three stages of developing psychology: prescientific, philosophical and scientific.   Psychology achieved scientific status when it became experimental.
The formal launching of psychology as a separate science occurred in 1879 when Wilhelm Wundt opened his Psychological Institute at the University of Leipzig. Scientific psychology at first employed methods of research of natural sciences. Very soon, however, psychologists found new problems and devised procedures of their own.
There are a lot of fields in modern psychology. Modern society is turning more and more to psychology to deal with serious human problems. Psychologists can be found in labs doing research, in schools, in organizations, advertising, government and law enforcement agencies and just about any place one can think of. Psychologists work with business executives, performers, and athletes to reduce stress and improve performance. 

понедельник, 19 октября 2020 г.

Higher Education Пересказ

 The UK has a vast variety of higher education opportunities. Nowadays higher education in the UK is provided by universities, colleges of education, colleges of arts and colleges of further education.

There are 46 universities in Britain. The universities can be divided into three groups: the oldest universities (Oxford and Cambridge); the redbrick universities and the new universities.

Oxford & Cambridge Universities  are known all over the world and are the oldest and most prestigious universities in Britain. 
All British universities are private institutions. Every university is in-dependent, and responsible to its own governing council. 
University students are carefully selected. The General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) and good A-level results in at least two subjects are necessary to get a place at a university. 
The academic year in Britain is divided into 3 terms. 
The general pattern of teaching at the universities remains a mixture of lectures, seminars and tutorials. Each student has a tutor who is responsible for the student’s progress. Tuition fees are high. The students receive grants from public and private funds to pay for their tuition. 
After three years of study a university graduate will leave with the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, Science, Engineering, Medicine, etc. Later the graduate may continue research to get Master's Degree. It is necessary for a postgraduate to spend three years carrying out research and writing thesis for getting the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.  

четверг, 1 октября 2020 г.

Higher Education in Great Britain

 HIGHER EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN

 The UK has a vast variety of higher education opportunities with over 100 universities offering various degree programs for students from the UK and around the world. Nowadays higher education in the UK is provided by universities, colleges of education, colleges of arts and col-leges of further education.

There are 46 universities in Britain. The universities can be divided into three groups: the oldest universities (Oxford and Cambridge); the redbrick universities and the new universities

Oxford & Cambridge Universities date from the 12 - 13 centuries. They are known all over the world and are the oldest and most prestig-ious universities in Britain. They are often called collectively Oxbridge, but both of them are completely independent. Only education elite go to Oxford and Cambridge. In the nineteenth and the early part of the twen-tieth centuries the so-called redbrick universities were founded. During the late sixties and early seventies some 20 'new' universities were set up. Sometimes they are called 'concrete and glass' universities.

All British universities are private institutions. Every university is in-dependent, and responsible to its own governing council. Although they all receive financial support from the state, the Department of education and science has no control over their regulations, curriculum, examina-tions, appointment of staff, or the way  they spend money. The universi-ties have their own traditions, which they preserve carefully. A student must wear a cap and a gown. It is a custom from the time when students were clergymen.

University students are carefully selected. The General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) and good A-level results in at least two subjects are necessary to get a place at a university. However, good cer-tificate and exam scores are not enough. Universities choose their stu-dents after interviews.

Colleges for further education include polytechnics, colleges of edu-cation, specialist colleges (agricultural colleges, colleges of art and music, etc.), further education colleges. The polytechnics, like the universities, offer first and higher degrees. Some of them offer full-time and sandwich courses for working students. Colleges of education provide two-year courses in teacher education or sometimes three years if the graduate specializes in some particular subjects.

The academic year in Britain's universities, polytechnics, colleges of education is divided into 3 terms, which usually run from the beginning of October to the middle of December, the middle of January to the end of March, from the middle of April to the end of June or the beginning of July.

The general pattern of teaching at the universities remains a mixture of lectures, seminars and tutorials. Each student has a tutor who is responsible for the student’s progress. Tuition fees are high. The students receive grants from public and private funds, which provide for the payment of their tuition fees and other expenses. Each university and department has its own method of assessment, but, in general, progress is measured through a combination of coursework, dissertation and finals (end-of-course examinations).

After three years of study a university graduate will leave with the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, Science, Engineering, Medicine, etc. Some courses, such as languages and medicine, may be one or two years longer. The degrees are awarded at public degree ceremonies. Later the graduate may continue research to get Master's Degree. This degree is conferred for a thesis based on at least one year’s full time work. But it is necessary for a postgraduate to spend three years carrying out research and writing thesis for getting the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 

понедельник, 28 сентября 2020 г.

Домашнее задание на четверг

As English Spreads, Speakers Morph it into World Tongue. 

In India, people created the word “pre-pone” as the obvious opposite of postpone. On the Internet, a form of cyber-English has sprouted with such words as “net surfing.” On MTV Latino, the word coolismo defines hip for a continent.

Meanwhile in Britain, editors of the Oxford English Dictionary are struggling to keep up with this “morphing” of the mother tongue. What centuries of British colonialism and decades of Esperanto couldn’t do, a few years of free trade, MTV, and the Internet has. “English is probably changing faster than any other language,” says Alan Firth, a linguist at the University of Aalborg in Denmark, “because so many people are using it.”

It is believed that English is merging with native languages to create hybrid Englishes worldwide. But this uncontrolled, global germination of so many “Englishes” has some worried. English purists, led by Britain’s Prince Charles, bemoan the degradation of the language as they see it, lashing out at Americans for cheapening it with bad grammar.

However, those who seek to preserve native cultures warn that in many parts of the world, English is taking more than it is giving. Multiculturalists say the blitzkrieg-like spread of English effectively commits “linguistic genocide” by killing off dozens other languages. Education, mass media, and religion stigmatize many non-white native languages, even if they are an offshoot of English, as backward and primitive, tribal and traditional, as … dialects rather than languages.

These differing views lead to the question: Is the world taking English by storm or is English taking the world by storm?

Danish Professor Firth, who studies conversations between non-native speakers when they conduct business, says businessmen tend to be blunt, humorless, use simplified grammar, and develop and use their own English terms to cut a deal. “People develop their own ways of doing business with each other, of talking and even writing … that native speakers might not understand,” Firth says. “Surprisingly, the latter join in and start to speak that way also.”

Oxford Companion editor McArthur says the spread of English can’t be halted. The globalization of the world, mostly driven by economics, is inevitable. “It’s the [world’s] need for a unified language of trade, politics, and culture,” he says. “We’re going to lose a lot of languages around the world, but if it’s not English, it’s something else.”

Choose the correct option to complete the following sentences.

1.1. The aim of the first paragraph of the text is to show

(A) how fast the English language is spreading around the world.

(B) that the English language is changing.

(C) that as a world language English influences other languages.

1.2. Some people believe that “hybrid Englishes”

(A) enrich the English language.

(B) eradicate other native languages.

(C) destroy the true essence of the English language.

1.3. Many non-white native languages

(A) are disapproved of because they are an offshoot of English.

(B) are often dismissed as simple dialects.

(C) are considered languages in their own right.

1.4. English will probably keep its status as a global language because

(A) it’s an important tool for international communication.

(B) of the economic power of the nations that speak it.

(C) we are going to lose a lot of languages around the world.

2. Finding evidence - quote from the text one sentence for each of the statements below.

a. a variety of English has emerged from technology.

b. the expansion of the English language has a deadly effect on other languages.

 

3. For items a – j, decide which word on the right best fits each gap.

Is English a ‘Killer Language’?

Two different theories have been constructed concerning the role English can play as a world language. It can either act in an –a– manner (exploitation theory) or it can take on a neutral role enabling –b– communication (grass roots theory).

Languages are merely –c–, functioning only according to the social, political, cultural and historical factors of their current society. Consequently, other than the historical circumstances which promoted the English speaking culture to a world power, there is no –d– reason why any other language could not have acted in the same way as English. Several case studies show that on the one hand English acts as a killer language. On the other hand English can be considered to be –e–, enabling different societies to communicate with each other without –f – the second language.

Finally it must be taken into account that English itself is actually –g–, continually evolving and changing. The English language does not only –h– its vocabulary on other languages, but is also constantly –i– expressions from other languages and cultures as well. Therefore English cannot be said to be a killer language in such general term. English acts according to the situation at hand, this can be in a neutral or in a –j– way.

 




 

1. justifiable

2. impose   

3. neutral  

4. imperialistic 

5. dominant

6. threatened    

7. instrumental  

8. adopting     

9. cross-border  

10. assimilating

 

 

пятница, 18 сентября 2020 г.

Vocabulary "Careers in Psychology" 2 курс

 

  1. clinical psychologist - клинический психолог
  2. counseling psychologist - консультирующий психолог
  3. educational psychologist - педагог-психолог
  4. industrial psychologist - психолог, работающий на производстве
  5. rehabilitation psychologist - реабилитационный психолог
  6. research - исследование
  7. to conduct research - проводить исследование
  8. to apply - применять, употреблять 
  9. to diagnose - ставить диагноз, диагностировать
  10. to treat people - лечить людей
  11. to test intelligence - определять интеллект
  12. observation - наблюдение
  13. experimentation - эксперимент
  14. analysis - анализ
  15. to develop - развивать
  16. practitioner - практикующий врач
  17. disorder - болезнь, расстройство
  18. to vary - варьировать
  19. varied - разнообразный
  20. variety - разнообразие
  21. schizophrenia - шизофрения
  22. to recognize - узнавать, осознавать
  23. do counseling / counsel - консультировать, проводить консультацию
  24. to take action - принимать меры
  25. to pay attention to  - обращать внимание на
  26. psychological well-being - психологическое благополучие
  27. human resources specialist - специалист отдела кадров
  28. accident victims - пострадавшие в автомобильных авариях
  29. mental retardation - олигофрения
  30. cerebral palsy - церебральный паралич
  31. autism - аутизм
  32. interpersonal relations - межличностные отношения