Экзамен

Экзамен

 Типовые вопросы (задания)

1.  Письменно перевести с иностранного языка на русский оригинальный текст по специальности (с использованием словаря). Объем текста – 1200-1400 п. зн. за 1 академ. час.(45 мин.)

2.   Прочитать текст общенаучного характера для передачи его основного содержания на русском или иностранном языке (без использования словаря). Объем текста – 1000-1200 п. зн. За 8-10 минут.

3.  Сделать сообщение по указанной теме, связанной с будущей профессией. Объем высказывания – 15-25 фраз. Время на подготовку – 5 минут.

Устные речевые темы

English as a World Language

       

English is spoken as a mother tongue in England, the USA, Canada, Australia, India. Today, when English is one of the major languages in the world.

English has become a world language because of its establishment as a mother tongue outside England. Geographically, English is the most widespread language on Earth, second only to Chinese in the number of people who speak it. It is the language of business, technology, sport, and aviation.
People learn English as their native language or  as a second language in a society that is mainly bilingual. Some people learn it for a practical purpose – administrative, professional or educational. 

Basic characteristics of English are simplicity of form, flexibility and openness of vocabulary. 
Verbs now have very few inflections, and adjectives do not change according to the noun.

 Many nouns and verbs have the same form, for example,  walk, look, smile.

We can talk about water to drink and to water the flowers; a paper to read and to paper a bedroom. Adjectives can be used as verbs. Sometimes even prepositions  can operate as verbs

Openness of vocabulary involves the free admission of words from other languages and the easy creation of compounds and derivatives. 

Higher Education in Great Britain

The UK has a vast variety of higher education opportunities. Nowadays higher education in the UK is provided by universities, colleges of education, colleges of arts and colleges of further education.There are 46 universities in Britain. The universities can be divided into three groups: the oldest universities (Oxford and Cambridge); the redbrick universities and the new universities.

Oxford & Cambridge Universities  are known all over the world and are the oldest and most prestig-ious universities in Britain. All British universities are private institutions. Every university is in-dependent, and responsible to its own governing council. University students are carefully selected. The General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) and good A-level results in at least two subjects are necessary to get a place at a university. The academic year in Britain is divided into 3 terms. The general pattern of teaching at the universities remains a mixture of lectures, seminars and tutorials. Each student has a tutor who is responsible for the student’s progress. Tuition fees are high. The students receive grants from public and private funds to pay for their tuition. After three years of study a university graduate will leave with the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, Science, Engineering, Medicine, etc. Later the graduate may continue research to get Master's Degree. It is necessary for a postgraduate to spend three years carrying out research and writing thesis for getting the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.  

Psychology as a science 

The word «psychology» is derived from the Greek word meaning «study of the soul». Psychology as a science studies mental activity and human behaviour. Psychologists study basic functions such as learning, memory, language, thinking, emotions and motives. They are involved in mental and physical health care. 

Psychology is closely connected with many sciences such as sociology and biology.  

There are three stages of developing psychology: prescientific, philosophical and scientific.   Psychology achieved scientific status when it became experimental.

The formal launching of psychology as a separate science occurred in 1879 when Wilhelm Wundt opened his Psychological Institute at the University of Leipzig. Scientific psychology at first employed methods of research of natural sciences. Very soon, however, psychologists found new problems and devised procedures of their own.

There are a lot of fields in modern psychology. Modern society is turning more and more to psychology to deal with serious human problems. Psychologists can be found in labs doing research, in schools, in organizations, advertising, government and law enforcement agencies and just about any place one can think of. Psychologists work with business executives, performers, and athletes to reduce stress and improve performance. 

The History of Psychology

Many of the ideas of early researchers have made an important contribution into modern psychology. The German physiologist W. Wundt is aptly known as the father of modern psychology. He launched the discipline as a science to be studied by means of systematic methods.

The functionalists broadened the definition of psychology. They drew attention to the importance of mental life in adapting to the environment. 

The behaviorists further enhanced an understanding of learning, with their stress on the importance of rewards and punishments. John Watson formulated the goals of behaviorism in 1913.  He was credited with discovering trial-and-error learning. 

The gestaltists reemphasized the mental processes that the behaviorists had neglected. They believed that the mind inevitably brings together the various pieces of data the sense organs register, forming them into the perception of a whole. This whole they called a Gestalt (form or pattern). Cognitive psychology has developed since 1950s. It studies cognitive processes in many areas including learning, memory, problem solving, etc. Freud also made a significant contribution. Freud called attention to the frequent importance of early life and to existence of unconscious motives.Finally, the humanists such as A. Maslow and C. Rogers stressed the uniqueness of individuals and potential for freedom of choice. 

Concepts from the past form the foundation for current approaches to different psychological problems.

Careers in Psychology

There are many careers in psychology. Psychologists conduct research, serve as consultants, diagnose and treat people, test intelligence and personality.

As scientists, psychologists use scientific methods of observation, experimentation, and analysis. They develop theories and test them in their research. 

Clinical psychologists diagnose and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. Some clinical psychologists treat specific problems while others focus on specific groups.

Counseling psychologists help people recognize their strengths and resources to fight with their problems. They pay attention to how problem and people differ across life stages. 

Educational or school psychologists concentrate on effectiveness of  teaching and learning. They assess and counsel students, consult with parents and school staff. 

Industrial/organizational psychologists apply psychological principles and research methods to the work place in the interest of improving productivity and the quality of work life. 

Rehabilitation psychologists work with stroke and accident victims, people with mental retardation, and those with developmental disabilities caused by such conditions as cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and autism.

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